Equalizing anchor for climbing. Any beginning climber would do well to have this in his or her kit, thanks to how easy it makes setting up toprope anchors, especially on bolted Anchoring is at the heart of technical ropework and rigging. Whether it's knots, direction of load, redundancy, no extension, or equalization, there is nuance to anchor building. It is quite possible to build a vast anchor with codellettes and slings in series. More than any other skill, the ability to build a good anchor is going to carry you through in your trad climbing. If assembled correctly, the load can be distributed amongst the individual anchors, rather than placing all the load on a single anchor point. The realities of self equalizing anchorsThe terms “self-equalizing” and “load distributing” have often been used to describe anchor systems which are rigged in such a way that they have some ability to adjust laterally under load and align themselves with the direction of the force applied to them, purportedly maintaining an equal distribution of forces on each anchor leg. . Subscribed 2 89 views 8 minutes ago Equalizing anchor #explore #youtubeshorts #adventure #climbing #mountains #expedition #basemore Equalizing anchors. These methods use up quite a lot of rope, so you might not have enough on those long pitches. this particular knot will accomplish equalization. ” If each point in the anchor system is about equal length, and a big knot is used to create the Master Point, then the loads within each leg have the potential to be balanced. Learn how to use the self-equalizing 'quad anchor' for climbing Jan 13, 2022 · Master the girth-hitch masterpoint for quick, efficient anchor construction on multi-pitch rock climbs. The sliding-x anchor offers auto Equalizing anchors. " Oct 10, 2023 · Outdoor Prolink Pro Evan Watts shares the ins and outs of climbing anchors and how to start your journey getting on the climbing wall. Read on to learn our key tips for the best multi-pitch anchor systems. With an anchor setup on a sport climb, you can freely top rope the route (after leading it) or take multiple laps on lead. com describes rock climbing and realted issues in the southeast united states including tennessee, alabama, north carolina, and georgia. Call us today for more information on Climbing School by Stone Adventures. flatliners southeastclimbing. This post looks at five anchors that should be in your tool box. Jun 23, 2024 · When building a multi-point anchor, it is important to consider the direction of pull and ensure that each piece of protection is independently strong enough to support the load. Watch our free video tutorial on the 4 Piece Self-Equalizing Anchor, along with other instructional videos on anchor building, knot tying, and other rock climbing skills. Jun 4, 2020 · Equalising Climbing Anchors - with many ways to achieve a similar result, here we focus on looking at safety and simplicity when creating rock climbing anchors The Quad is an anchor system which self-adjusts to keep an equal force on each anchor point. - page 5 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. You CAN distribute the load as best you can knowing that, even with so-called self-equalizing anchors or trying to mirco-adjust with clove hitches, once piece is going to get approximately 50% of the load. The Equalizer is available in two lengths, and is made of 16 mm Monster webbing. If either of these are anything less than perfect add a third and so on (some Gogarth belays require 5 or 6 pieces!) Two anchors within arm's reach: Take a look at diagram 3 (below), it shows how you tie a clovehitch at the first anchor, leave a little slack before adding a clovehitch at the second Aug 16, 2021 · The way you build your anchor can also impact how comfortable you’ll be while using it to belay your partner up to you and whilst belaying them up the next pitch. What’s cool about the quad? Good load distribution Minimal extension Fully redundant Quick to set up and break down, no knots to untie Super strong (would you believe 40 kN?!) Bonus, two independent and load distributed master points Anchor Building Intro Self Equalizing Anchors - The Sliding X Self Equalizing Anchors - The Quad Equalizing Anchors with the Rope Non-Textbook Anchors Practise at the Crag Equalizing anchors. Equalizing Rappel Anchors For equalizing, use your cordelettes first, cutting off just the amount you need for each anchor to minimize waste. Setting up climbing anchors is a crucial skill for every climber, whether you are a beginner or an experienced climber looking to refresh your knowledge. Changes in Direction of Pull One anchor may need to handle Natural A natural anchor is a secure natural feature that can serve as a climbing anchor by attaching a sling, lanyard, or cordelette and a carabiner. Hopefully they can help you when you are assessing your own anchors on your next climb! --Mike Pond, Instructor and Guide Jul 3, 2012 · In the mountains or on long rock routes, anchor efficiency can be the difference between a comfortable finish and a forced bivouac. - page 1 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Build trust & conquer fears! May 24, 2018 · The equalizing figure-8 knot is an excellent variation of the figure-8-on-a-bight knot which allows a climber to equalize two or three different anchors or pieces of gear with the climbing rope rather than with slings or a cordelette. There are many ways to set up a top rope anchor and this article covers 7 of them. The Quad is an anchor system which self-adjusts to keep an equal force on each anchor point. An equalette works well as a self-equalizing 4-point anchor. A fixed position anchor on the other hand is designed not to adjust or shift it’s position. May 19, 2025 · Equalizing anchors. Learn how to use the self-equalizing 'quad anchor' for climbing Feb 10, 2015 · Transitioning from indoor climbing to outdoor, my concept of an anchor was a rope looped around a horizontal pole a couple times. (143 g), 15' - 6. In some contexts, the bolts on sport climbs are quipped with permanent draws you can use for an anchor. People seem to be super into having their anchors self equalizing lately. Using a "quad runner" - or a 240cm sling - you can build a self-equalizing anchor that is gre Feb 5, 2024 · Mastering anchor building techniques such as equalizing anchors, setting up extension and directional anchors, and backing up anchors are essential skills for climbers to enhance safety and stability during climbs. The Equalizer is made with reinforced end-loops to provide additional, full-strength clip-in points. Dec 10, 2012 · SERENE and ERNEST are basically equivalent. Examples of natural anchors include trees, boulders, lodged chockstones, horns, icicles, and protrusions. May 23, 2007 · In reply to MingTheMerciless: Have been reading Climbing Anchors by John Long. - page 8 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Using a cordelette to equalize an anchor is easy and strong, but it takes a lot of extra time to set up, and even longer to break down. After all, we’re putting our lives on these systems as we ascend Jun 15, 2012 · An anchor is something that provides stability in an uncertain situation, and the Metolius Anchor Chain ($49. Within the climbing and rope rescue communities, much of the anchoring involves employing the use of trees, rock mass, terrain features, vehicles, devices such as camming units, ice screws, and snow pickets. The sliding-x is a self-equalizing anchor which distributes the load equally between the anchor pieces. Metolius Equalizer The Equalizer is available in two lengths, and is made of 16 mm Monster webbing. This ensures that no single point bears all the weight, reducing the risk of anchor failure. the W and V-Clove), are almost never truly equalized (M. The goal is to combine the bolts at the top of the pitch into a single anchor system. The Metolius Equalizer with Built-In Storage Pocket makes it easy to equalize multiple anchor points at a belay station. All you really need is the rope you’re attached to and two carabiners. Feb 2, 2025 · Self-equalizing anchors are more frequently used in climbing situations where a dynamic rope reduces the potential shock load, and extension can be assessed and limited with careful system design. It is commonly used to equalize two points with a rope. Equalizing anchors is important because. There is a faster, easier, and often equally safe solution: the "alpine anchor. When a climber falls, having a solid top rope anchor is literally a matter of life and death. Mar 12, 2010 · Multiple anchors: Most of the time you'll want at least two bombproof anchors in your belay. - page 14 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. To equalize a 2-point anchor, clip both sewn loops into one point and the middle of the sling into the other point. 3. Mar 28, 2023 · About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket © 2025 Google LLC We have teamed up with Plas y Brenin, the National Mountain Sports Centre, to cover a wide range of basic climbing techniques. Sep 19, 2018 · Climbing multi pitch routes with bolted, side-by-side anchors? You might want to leave the cordelette and anchor slings at home. The easiest way to equalize them together is by. Advanced Trad Anchors > Part 1 of 5 > Getting Perfect Equalization 'Advanced Trad Anchors' is part of the book - The Trad Climber's Guide To Problem Solving. com Equalising anchors correctly reduces the potential load on each anchor by distributing the weight. The pre-equalization technique uses an overhand, a “figure 8” knot, a Frost knot or its variant, tied at the Equalising Three Anchors In trad climbing we are often confronted with far from optimal anchors, and whilst they may never be dangerous, there is a moment of doubt in our minds. Oleh This quick tip goes over how to build a "quad" climbing anchor. Jun 30, 2023 · Climbing anchors, whether in trad or sport scenarios, are life or death. Equalizing anchors. It should become apparent that equalization among the anchor points (meaning equal force on each leg) is practically impossible. Moved PermanentlyThe document has moved here. Equalising Three Anchors help to combat these issues in a couple of ways. How to build the perfect climbing rope anchor. the Sliding-X and Quad). An article all about equalizing bolts. Jan 3, 2024 · One of the most important systems to master in trad climbing is building anchors. Feb 21, 2022 · Maximize your remaining rack by tying cordelette directly through each anchor piece, and rappelling directly off of the master point. The second article in our Trad Climbing Skills series is on how we join pieces of protection together using a sling. Aug 6, 2015 · The equalette is the evolution and combination of the cordalette and sliding-x. the weight/force is equally distributed across the anchor points). In Trad Climbing Basics, we described methods of building an equalized anchor without the use of slings or a cordelette – great if you’ve used them all during the pitch. - page 9 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Learn the essentials for building a safe and quick climbing rope anchor. Mar 4, 2005 · Climbing magazine did a tech tip on using a dog-eared bowline for quick anchoring at sport anchors. Separate climbing rope: If the anchors are too far from the edge for slings, a spare climbing rope can easily be used to form your anchor. DIFINISI DAN FUNGSI ANCHOR Anchor atau dalam bahasa indonesianya penambat sering juga disebut angker adalah sebuah system pengaman dalam instalasi tali-telami yang dianggap beresiko tinggi. Nov 18, 2016 · The trickiest—and most important—parts of multi-pitch trad climbing are placing solid gear and building safe anchors fast. Aug 14, 2020 · Equalizing anchors. I'm sure there are other anchor acronyms out there, but these are the two that stick in my head the best. Setting up a secure top rope anchor is vital. Any excess after taking out the slack can be secured using an overhand or double fisherman's knot along the anchor line (this also cleans up the anchor and eliminate trip hazards). 5m) - MetoliusAn update of this popular anchor. Following is a short video on how to tie the knot. period. - page 12 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Dec 22, 2022 · Equalizing anchors. First, tie the end of the rope to the first tree using a figure eight on a bight with a double fisherman backup knot. Jan 1, 2015 · Using the clove hitch here allows us to equalize the anchor from the safety of the trees (away from the cliff edge). Learn how to use the self-equalizing 'quad anchor' for climbing Second, it is nearly impossible to truly equalize anchors in most climbing scenarios. Realistically though, having it being non extending is much more important. Many variations are possible. Or for the beginner it may simply be the lack of judgement over an anchor. When I was introduced to outdoor climbing It is a good idea to use self-equalizing anchors, so if the climber climbs more to one side the anchor point will slide. Anchor equalization is the process of combining two or more anchors in the build of a single equalized anchor. A quad works well as a self-equalizing 2-point anchor. - page 7 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Jun 7, 2024 · The quad anchor, first mentioned (I think) around 2006 by John Long in his book “ Climbing Anchors ”, was an attempt to have the Holy Grail in anchors. This is the method used in a redundant belay anchor, as mentioned above. clip that out of the way, and when you get to the anchors, clip each ear to a seperate bolt, and clip a locker to your harness, and clove hitch the rope to adjust the length of the rope Metolius Equaliser Anchor 16mm (Length: 4. Best practices include using redundant systems, equalizing anchor points, and Jan 6, 2017 · The Super-Eight, also known as the Figure-Eight-with-Bunny-Ears and the Double Loop Eight, is a very useful knot. When I was introduced to outdoor climbing Equalizing anchors. Dec 1, 2023 · The idea behind sport climbing anchors is relatively simple. Seems that the equalization is far superior and with some practice it can be tied almost as quickly. The quad anchor, first mentioned (I think) around 2006 by John Long in his book “ Climbing Anchors ”, was an attempt to have the Holy Grail in anchors. Weight: 10' - 5. Each size has a built-in storage pocket with instructions printed on the outside for fool-proof anchors. Because of the inherent uncertainty regarding the respective strengths of these various anchor points, a completed anchor Oct 23, 2012 · Once you master this two-bolt toprope setup, you can climb worry-free and focus on getting stronger and having fun. Properly setting up climbing anchors ensures the safety of yourself and your climbing partners while ascending and descending routes. But when climbing I find it a cumbersome and unnecessary extra piece of gear to carry. Anchor building is vital stuff if you want to stay safe and enjoy your multi-pitch climbing. If you are top roping different routes off one anchor the sliding-x adjusts with the direction of the rope pull. - page 4 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. The Quad is an anchor system which self-adjusts to keep an equal force on each anchor point. In this course, you'll gain invaluable knowledge on gear placement, objective gear analysis, anchor point equalization techniques using cordelettes, slings, and static ropes. Equalizing Anchor. In other words, sometimes there are two pieces and you don't have a sling or a cord to equalize them, but you do have a rope. That means it’s crucial for each of your placements to be bomber when building a rope anchor. Hence the Feb 10, 2015 · Transitioning from indoor climbing to outdoor, my concept of an anchor was a rope looped around a horizontal pole a couple times. The following minimal gear anchors are great to know in case you reach the top of a pitch without a cordelette, only a meter of rope to spare and not quite enough slings to create a self-equalizing anchor. - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Only been building gear anchors for 1 season and I’m finding it hard to see why so many people use the cordelette with a master point knot, instead of an equalette with 2 limiting knots in the middle and clove on 3 or 4 of the legs, depending how many pieces of gear in your anchor. At Summit Climbing Guides, we understand the importance of mastering the intricate skill of building rock climbing anchors. May 29, 2025 · Equalizing anchors. Now made from 16mm webbing and in 2 lengths. Learn how to use the self-equalizing 'quad anchor' for climbing Apr 24, 2007 · You need about 8m - 10m for it to be effective. However, the general The Metolius Climbing Equalizer Sling is a compact, lightweight, convenient way to equalize multiple anchor points at belay. You'll need to attach yourself to the trad anchor in a way that you can see your partner as they follow the pitch and brace yourself if they fall The Equalizer is available in two lengths, and is made of 16 mm Monster webbing. We will be explaining everythin. Many experienced climbers (like Peter Croft and Steph Davis) prefer this approach, because it's simple, clean, and requires less gear. Feb 5, 2010 · Find rock climbing routes, photos, and guides for every state, along with experiences and advice from fellow climbers. we dive into the key principles of anchoring for rock climbing, and debunk some of the myths and May 31, 2021 · Being able to build a climbing anchor with traditional gear, both safely and efficiently, is a fundamental skill for climbing in Squamish. You tie into your harnes with about five feet of tail, and tie a double bowline on a bight with the tail. Now the method of “Equalising a Sling” can be used not only in a belay set up for Trad Lead Climbing but also rigging Top and Bottom Rope climbs or Abseils. Mar 3, 2025 · The “quad” offers a strong, fast, redundant, simple anchor when distributing forces between pieces is a high priority. When constructing a climbing anchor, the climber must focus on selecting solid anchor points, equalizing the system, and ensuring proper load distribution. The ACMG standard in Canada for a two bolt anchor is to tie an equalized figure eight and top rope through a locker in the masterpoint. But how do you make sure your anchor is sufficient? Mar 16, 2025 · To set up a secure rock climbing anchor, you need strong and reliable equipment such as ropes, carabiners, and slings. Self-equalizing: for scenarios where the climber might move around (or you’ve rigged a top-rope for a few climbing lines), you might want the anchor to be able to equalize for several lines of fall. And, contrary to popular belief, neither are “self-equalizing” anchors (e. equalizing anchors are made up of more than one anchor point joined together so that the intended load is shared equally. Understanding the advantages and limitations of a wide range of anchor systems gives you more options. It makes up for the short comings of each system, while incorporating their strengths to produce a more SRENE anchor. No 1 is important because tests have shown that for anything more than a 2 piece anchor, one piece will likely receive 50% of the load. Equalizing Anchor Points Another important technique for traditional climbing anchors is equalizing anchor points. That's why we offer the comprehensive Anchor Building for Rock Climbing Course. Jul 18, 2012 · The Equalizer is available in two lengths, and is made of 16 mm Monster webbing. Understanding sling types and uses is essential for safe, efficient climbing and rescue scenarios. Strength: 22kn when used as a looped sling or a two/three point anchor or 18kn when used end to end. Nov 29, 2018 · ANCHORING DAN EQUALIZING Equalizing diperlukan agar pembagian beban tiap titik anchor selalu seimbang walaupun sudut beban berubah-ubah. Each anchor has pros and cons and knowing when to pull out each tool will take experience. However, you must equalize it in a way which meets the following criteria: Apr 29, 2019 · A self equalizing anchor allows the anchor to move back-and-forth, constantly shifting with the climber’s current position below the anchor. 1 oz. Aug 20, 2024 · In lead climbing and sport climbing, "anchor equalization" refers to the technique of distributing the load evenly across multiple anchor points. - page 13 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. This is a very useful tool, making two equalised anchors far superior too two anchors set in series. video----------Although "Rock Climb" will have more than 100 videos (7 hours+ of content), the program is designed to The 'Quad Anchor' is an anchor system which self-adjusts to keep an equal force on each anchor point. Although not self equalizing, it is easy to adjust when using clove hitches, and there are no redundancy The pre-equalized anchor has several drawbacks, but it has many benefits when compared to the “magic-x. Learn how to place trad gear, build trad anchors, climb a multi pitch, belay in guide mode and much more. As a climbing anchor setup specialist, I’ve seen my fair share of multi-pitch routes and the various methods climbers use to establish secure anchors. Compact, lightweight, convenient way to equalise multiple anchor points at belay Available in two lengths made of 16 mm Dyneema Monster webbing Built-in storage pocket with instructions printed on the outside for fool- proof anchors Reinforced end-loops provide Safer for Personal Anchoring: Adjustable daisy chains are designed to be used as a personal anchor system (PAS), reducing the risk of pocket failure. There isn’t a ‘best’ method of equalizing anchors, since every trad anchor situation is different. Aug 30, 2016 · Equalizing a rope anchor requires a lot of extra rope, which you may not have after a really long pitch. If you are tired of messing with a tangle of carabiners and webbing, check out the Equalizer Sling. In general self equalizing belays are not recommended. There might be no such thing as dynamic equalization in climbing anchors. Attention to detail in each of these elements is crucial for a safe climbing experience. This mostly deals with the sliding-x anchor that is most commonly used for highline setups with bolts. E = Equalize = This is a self-equalizing anchor (i. For most applications, self equalizing anchors are over rated. Two simple methods are shown below, along with the more advanced equalizing figure-8. What’s cool about the quad? Good load distribution Minimal extension Fully redundant Quick to set up and break down, no knots to untie Super strong (would you believe 40 kN?!) Bonus, two independent and load distributed master points Equalizing anchors. See full list on climbing. e. com ) does just that. Equalize in the intended direction of load and tie an overhand knot on a bight. Self-Equalizing Anchorhttps://rockclimb. In this guide, we will walk you through the essential steps to set up climbing anchors effectively. Jul 13, 2018 · An Anchor In Series with a Pre-Equalized Knot on the Right-Hand Leg This anchor is essentially a three piece anchor that was linked together in series because the climber only had two double-shoulder length runners to build an anchor. Here are three methods to dial in this equalization. Factors Affecting Load Distribution in All Anchors BACK TO TOP Below are some of factors at play with all anchors and will affect their ability to share or distribute force between individual anchor points. - page 6 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. This Dyneema chain makes equalizing simple anchors easier, with 12 full-strength (22kN) loops. Whether you're top-rope climbing or lead climbing, knowing how to build a solid anchor is absolutely critical to staying secure. May 18, 2013 · Equalizing anchors is over-rated and mostly un-neccessary and usually professional time wasting. It can be used as a looped sling for two and three-point anchors, or end-to-end. So- called “pre-equalized” anchors, (e. Dec 3, 2024 · In crevasse rescue, you often build one anchor and transfer the load to it. if you are not efficient and quick then you will not get up big wall routes that you would otherwise be able to do. A beginners guide to equalising two anchors to make a IDEAS or EARNEST anchor for rock climbing. Is the Jan 30, 2023 · Learning how to build an “anchor in-series” will not only give you a solid option for bad rock, but also offers numerous solutions if you run into any other tricky anchor scenarios. It can be better than other methods of equalizing in certain situations. An anchor refers to the whole system — the anchor points, the protection gear, runners, carabiners and climbing rope. One simple way to equalize this system with trees is to use a friction wrap. Beverly). (196 g) Strength: 22kn when used as a looped Equalizing anchors. Private guiding sessions offer personalized instruction to hone anchor building skills in diverse climbing locations. - page 2 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Jun 4, 2025 · Equalizing anchors. I prefer to use my 2 half ropes, already attached to me, + 1 x sling to fashion a 3 way equalized stance. Some climbing schools teach it one way, and some the other way. This technique works for any number of bolts beyond two. - page 15 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Dec 14, 2021 · Bitten by the rock climbing bug means that you’re in dire need of learning about building the rock climbing anchors. You can't equalize a 3 point anchor. There are many important considerations when building an anchor, but the The easiest way to equalize a trad anchor is by using a sling or a cordelette. What's the best way to build a self-equalizing 3-point anchor, with all three points receiving equal weight distribution? [John Long promotes a 3-point equalette, but it doesn't seem to be distributed evenly. Jan 27, 2025 · Equalizing anchors. A climbing anchor is a system made up of individual anchor points that are linked together to create a master point that the rope and/or climbers clip into to be securely attached to the rock. Untuk menjadikannya anchor tetap (fix anchor) anda hanya tinggal menyatukan kedua atau tiga webbing tersebut dengan sebuah simpul. 9 oz. - page 3 - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors. Then (if needed) you may build a second anchor and try to equalize #1 and #2. One of the criticisms of the cordalette is after you've tied the master knot, you have potentially poor equalization if you deviate from your set direction of pull. 95; metoliusclimbing. Climbing slings are versatile loops of webbing or cord used to extend protection, build anchors, equalize forces, and prevent rope drag. We dive into the key principles of anchoring for rock climbing, and debunk some of the myths and focuses that some climbers cling to without understand the true reality of climbing anchors. Choose between natural or artificial anchors depending on factors such as location, rock quality, and skill level. They come in various materials—nylon or Dyneema®—and constructions—sewn or tied—each tailored to specific climbing disciplines. g. In Trad Climbing Basics, we introduced various methods of creating belay master points by tying an overhand knot in a sling or cordelette. Learn to trad climb. Endless variations and combinations are possible depending on the equipment you have and where the gear placements are. The reason being that if one of the anchorpoints is to fail the load shifts to the other anchor. you typically equalize an anchor by using runners or a long section of accessory cord called a cordelette. Oct 1, 2023 · Key Takeaways Master the art of anchor building for increased safety by understanding different types of anchors and equalizing them properly. There’s no denying that having solid knowledge in constructing reliable multi-pitch climbing anchors is crucial for both safety and efficiency when scaling those big walls. Anchor paling sering digunakan dalam kegiatan olahraga di alam bebas terutama yang berhubungan dengan ketinggian seperti gunung, tebing atau tempat-tempat curam seperti lembah, goa dan sebagainya. Versatile in Multi-Pitch Climbing: Useful for anchoring at belay stations, equalizing anchor points, and adjusting positioning. We'll guide you Dec 10, 2023 · Our Rock Climbing Anchors Course equips you with the knowledge & skills for safe climbing. fom ajqp fxgect rjmny aouofs vmmfwr gusxx oypcavr nur iocszxv
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